Setup and Hardware

What this phase covers

Every wireless attack in this guide depends on having an adapter that supports monitor mode and packet injection. The built-in card on most laptops supports neither. This phase gets your hardware ready before anything else.

Start with adapter selection if you are choosing hardware. If you already have an adapter, go straight to chipset identification to confirm your driver is correct, then driver management if the adapter is not appearing or injection is not working. Monitor mode setup is the final step before any other phase can begin.

Common issues at this stage

The most common blockers are a soft-blocked adapter (check with rfkill list), a missing driver after a kernel update (reinstall with apt install realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms), and injection failing due to an unset regulatory domain (fix with iw reg set US). If monitor mode enables but airodump-ng shows no networks, the adapter is likely on the wrong channel or the driver is not producing radiotap headers correctly — a driver reload usually resolves it.

For VM users: USB passthrough must be configured before the adapter is visible inside Kali. USB 3.0 adapters require the USB 3.0 controller enabled in VM settings. Injection timing issues are more common in VMs — native Kali on bare metal is strongly preferred for active attack techniques.

Recommended hardware

The Alfa AWUS036ACM (MT7612U chipset) is the current default recommendation — dual-band, no driver setup required on Kali. The Alfa AWUS036ACH (RTL8812AU) is the most widely documented adapter and works reliably with the pre-installed DKMS driver. For maximum range and sensitivity the Alfa AWUS1900 (RTL8814AU, four antennas) is the strongest option. All three are available on Amazon — see the adapter selection page for current purchase links.